Vision through Voice The Poetry of Basho in the English Language - Literature Essay Samples

In Narrow Road to the Deep North, Japanese poet BashÃ…  expresses himself masterfully through the traditional forms of haibun, covering themes of nature, folklore, faith, and journeys both physical and spiritual. All these stories and sentiments are contained within a haibuna short piece of prose that tells the story and sets the moodand meaningfully condensed into three lines in the haiku. The form seems simplea short narrative, then three lines with a five-seven-five syllable patternwhich has lead many readers to regard it as a â€Å"children’s form†. It is this simplicity, however, that testifies to the brilliance of BashÃ… . Such strict and simple parameters require precise and purposeful word choicethere is no room for flowery embellishments. Every syllable must contribute fully to the meaning of the work, and BashÃ…  makes deliberate choices to poignantly and accurately convey the depth of his feelings. In this way, he demonstrates the value of haibun as an art formfor children and adults alike. In the selection entitled â€Å"IN TSURUGA: Second Year of Genroku†, two folk tales appear: first the ancient ritual of carrying sand to the Kei Shrine, and later a story recounted by an innkeeper at Tsuruga Harbor about a temple bell, knocked from a boat by a dragon into the depths of the sea. These folk tales set the scene, creating a contextual background against which BashÃ…  can drape moments of emotional clarity. In a few brief sentences, he explains the folklore and expresses how it adds to the sanctity of the place. The line â€Å"With the holiness of the shrine and the moon’s light pouring down through the trees, a deep sense of reverence seeped into my bones† (BashÃ… ) seamlessly draws upon the lore to increase the significance of his emotional reaction to it; combining his preexisting knowledge, â€Å"holiness of the shrine,† with his immediate experience, â€Å"moon’s light pouring down†. Nature and knowledge meet to convey poet ic intention, unmistakable in English despite having been translated from Japanese. Simplicity of language also keeps the haibun concise and impactful; â€Å"There’s a temple bell deep in the sea† (BashÃ… ), for example, sets the scene effectively. Here, the reader must infer the emotions of the poet, but cues in the haiku itself point to BashÃ… Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s uncertainty. With â€Å"The temple bell sunk / to the bottom of the sea,† BashÃ…  makes it clear that the story is alive in his consciousness, running through his mind when he composes the haiku, and the question he writes in the first line, â€Å"Where’s the moon?†, parallels his feelings about the story. The moon is obscured from view by rainclouds; BashÃ…  wonders where it is, as if the fact that the moon isn’t visible means it’s no longer in the sky. All together, these lines raise an interesting question about belief. BashÃ…  knows the moon is still in the sky, even though it can’t be seendoes this mean he knows that the mythic temple bell still lies at the bottom of the sea, even though his only experience with the bell was through an innkeeper’s folk story? Can we assume all folk tales true once they can’t be disproved? All these queries can be drawn from three simple lines, once the stage has been adequately set, and BashÃ…  does this expertly. Continuing to express only what needs to be expressed, BashÃ…  uses the reader’s assumed prior understanding of folklore as a base for his points. The nature of folk stories inevitably invites skepticism. They are passed on by word of mouth, removing all accountability from the storytellers who may intentionally or unintentionally embellish the original tale; they often include fantastical events which seem impossible but can never be disproven due to their inability to be traced. Even when they are based on superstition and whimsy, they continue to be passed along through generations. Over time, they can no longer be disprovenno one witnessed it firsthand, so it’s impossible to say what the truth really is. BashÃ…  associates the moon with truth in folk stories early on; â€Å"the moon so pure / on the sand carried here / by the Pilgrim Priests† connects the moon to folk tales right away, blurring the line between BashÃ… Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s current experience and the s tories that he associates with the scene before him. When rain falls in an earlier haibun, BashÃ…  expresses feelings of uncertainty: â€Å"the north country weather / so uncertain†. While his concern most certainly relates to the fickle weather that might detriment his journey, applying those feelings to the moon as a symbol of truth in stories helps us better understand its role in the poem. Rain clouds rolling in and concealing the moon from view leads BashÃ…  to wonder where the moon has gone; this can be understood metaphorically as well, with the moon as a symbol of truth in stories, and the clouds as the uncertainty that surrounds it. What ultimately helps us determine BashÃ… Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s intention behind the haibun is this simple fact: even when concealed by clouds, the moon is still there. If the moon is aligned with the truth in this work, and clouds represent a shroud of doubt, then it can be assumed that truth can always be found in the midst of folklore. His arri val at this conclusion is much like the physical journey he describes in Narrow Road, marked by obstacles and doubt, but ultimately arriving safe at a resting place that feels fitting. BashÃ…  believes that a grain of truth lies at the center of every folktalethat a temple bell truly does lie at the bottom of the sea. All this can be discerned from his brief haibun and even briefer haikus. In this medium, understanding the intention of the poetry is a collaborative effort between the poet and the reader. Like other forms, what is unsaid in the form of the haibun is just as relevant and important as what is saidperhaps even more so. How, then, can we dismiss haibun as a â€Å"children’s form† of poetry? When understanding of the theme is relative to our own experience, our interpretation of the piece will only change and expand over time. As we get older and wiser, the poems will prove more enlightening to usthough BashÃ… Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s poetic simplicity ensures that at any age, and in any language, we will be able to connect and share these moments with him.